Working Knowledge: Work-Based Learning and Education Reform

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
CHAPTER 1 Work-Based Learning and Education Reform......Page 10
What Is Work-Based Learning?......Page 15
Work-Based Learning and Teenage Employment......Page 18
Policy and Legislation for Work-Based Learning......Page 20
Outline of the Book......Page 24
CHAPTER 2 The Questions and the Approach......Page 28
Skills and Careers......Page 29
Youth Development......Page 30
The Learning Theory......Page 31
The Research Methods......Page 40
CHAPTER 3 Student Participation in and Use of Work-Based Learning......Page 44
Scale and Growth of Work-Based Activities Between 1996 and 2000......Page 47
Mix of Students Participating in Work-Based Activities......Page 49
Quality of Intensive Work-Based Activities......Page 56
Ways in Which Students Use High School Work-Based Activities After Graduation......Page 63
Conclusions......Page 66
CHAPTER 4 Employer Involvement in Work-Based Learning......Page 70
Methods and Data......Page 71
The Scale of Employer Participation......Page 77
Why Do Firms Participate?......Page 78
The Philanthropic Motivation......Page 80
The Individual Benefits Appeal......Page 81
The Collective Appeal......Page 83
Characteristics of Participating Employers......Page 84
Summary......Page 85
Is Program Size Constrained by Employer Participation?......Page 86
The Quality of Work-Based Learning......Page 87
Program Characteristics......Page 88
Internship Duration and Learning Time......Page 89
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 91
CHAPTER 5 Work-Based Learning and Academic Skills......Page 94
The Reinforcement Claim......Page 95
Defining Academic Knowledge and Skills......Page 97
Academic Achievement and Working While in School......Page 100
Participation in School-to-Work Programs and Academic Outcomes......Page 101
Testing the Claim......Page 103
Content-Knowledge......Page 104
Skill-Oriented Knowledge-Use: Reading, Writing, Math, and Science......Page 105
Motivation......Page 111
Summary......Page 113
Alternative Possibilities......Page 116
Conclusion......Page 118
CHAPTER 6 Learning Skills and Careers Through Work-Based Learning......Page 120
Conceptions of Skill and Expertise......Page 121
Looking at the Cases......Page 126
Learning About Careers......Page 133
Conclusion......Page 136
CHAPTER 7 Work-Based Learning and Youth Development......Page 140
Desired Developmental Outcomes for Youth......Page 141
Opportunities and Supports in Work-Based Learning......Page 143
Possible Selves......Page 147
Youth Development and Intellectual Development......Page 150
Conclusions......Page 152
CHAPTER 8 New Modes of Thought......Page 154
Problem-Formation......Page 155
Flexible Modes of Solution......Page 157
Using the Environment......Page 158
Forms of Representation......Page 159
Cognitive Teamwork......Page 160
 Executive Functions......Page 162
Higher-Order Thinking......Page 163
Understanding Social Relations......Page 164
Diverse Modes of Thought......Page 165
The School-Work Dialectic......Page 168
Conclusion......Page 170
CHAPTER 9 Pedagogical Strategies for Work-Based Learning......Page 172
The Task Analysis Framework......Page 174
Factors Shaping Pedagogy......Page 175
 Fred: The Veterinary Clinic......Page 178
José: Hotel Housekeeping Office......Page 180
Fiona: The Hospital Operating Room......Page 183
Pedagogical Strategies......Page 185
Pedagogical Tactics......Page 186
Fred......Page 188
Jose......Page 190
Fiona......Page 192
Conclusion......Page 194
The Purposes and Goals of School-Based Pedagogy for Work-Based Learning......Page 196
Principles for Work-Based Learning Pedagogy......Page 201
Forms of School-Based Pedagogy for Work-Based Learning......Page 203
Learning or Training Contracts and Plans......Page 204
Journals......Page 206
Internship Classes......Page 208
Final Papers, Projects, and Presentations......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 211
CHAPTER 11 Conclusions......Page 214
The Purposes......Page 215
The Claims of Advocates......Page 216
The Mechanisms of Work-Based Learning......Page 218
On-the-Job Pedagogy (Engagement)......Page 219
Classroom Pedagogy (Reflection)......Page 220
Employer Involvement......Page 221
Recommendations......Page 222
The Question of Method: How to Find What We’re Looking For......Page 226
Sampling......Page 227
Contact, Access, and Entry......Page 228
The Early Observations......Page 229
Core Observations......Page 230
Taking Notes......Page 234
Analytic Memos (AMs)......Page 236
Storage......Page 237
References......Page 240
Index......Page 252