Variation and Change in Spanish

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Abbreviations and symbols......Page 13
1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical variation......Page 17
1.1.2 Social variation......Page 18
1.2 Diachronic or historical variation......Page 19
1.3 Variables and variants......Page 21
1.5 Register......Page 22
1.6 Variation in the past......Page 23
2 Dialect, language, variety: definitions and relationships......Page 25
2.1 Dialects......Page 26
2.2.1 Do languages have temporal limits?......Page 28
2.2.2 Are languages delimitable?......Page 29
2.3 Relationship between dialects and languages......Page 31
2.4 Varieties and idiolects......Page 34
2.5 Relationship between varieties......Page 35
2.5.1 The tree model of relationships between varieties......Page 36
2.5.2 Geographical discontinuity......Page 44
2.5.3 Diasystems......Page 46
2.5.4 Diglossia......Page 48
2.5.5 The neolinguistic model......Page 50
2.5.6 Other models......Page 52
3 Mechanisms of change......Page 53
3.1 Dialect contact......Page 54
3.1.1 Accommodation......Page 55
3.1.2 Interdialect......Page 57
3.1.3.1 The Old Spanish sibilants......Page 58
3.1.3.2 Old Spanish /h/......Page 61
3.1.3.3 The merger of Old Spanish /b/ and /Beta/......Page 62
3.1.4 Simplication: the result of the territorial expansion of Castilian......Page 64
3.1.4.1 The merger of the perfect auxiliaries......Page 66
3.1.4.2 The Old Spanish strong preterites......Page 67
3.1.4.3 The -er and -ir verb classes......Page 68
3.1.5 Hyperdialectalism......Page 69
3.1.6 Reallocation of variants......Page 70
3.2 Waves......Page 73
3.2.1 Isoglosses......Page 74
3.3 Social networks and speed of change......Page 79
3.4 Direction of change through society......Page 83
3.4.1 Downward change......Page 84
3.4.2 Upward change......Page 85
3.5 Lexical diffusion......Page 86
4.1 Geographical variation......Page 90
4.1.1 Mozarabic......Page 91
4.1.2.1 Miranda do Douro......Page 96
4.1.2.2 Cantabria......Page 98
4.1.2.3 Old Castile......Page 106
4.1.2.4 The Pyrenees......Page 109
4.1.2.5.1 Metaphony......Page 114
4.1.2.5.2 Mass-noun reference......Page 118
4.1.3 The broken southern Peninsular dialect continuum......Page 120
4.1.5 Eastern innovations......Page 124
4.1.6 Western innovations......Page 127
4.1.7 Southward expansion of northern features: the Reconquest and its linguistic effects......Page 130
4.1.7.1 Galician and Portuguese......Page 132
4.1.7.2.1 Seseo and ceceo......Page 134
4.1.7.2.2 Yeísmo......Page 136
4.1.7.2.3 Maintenance and loss of /h/......Page 137
4.1.7.2.4 Weakening of /-s/......Page 138
4.1.7.2.5 Andalusian vowel-systems......Page 141
4.1.7.2.6 Merger of /-r/ and  /-l/......Page 142
4.1.7.2.7 Third-person pronoun reference......Page 143
4.1.7.3 Catalan and Valencian......Page 144
4.1.8 The Canaries......Page 145
4.2.1 Yeísmo......Page 148
4.2.4 Neutralization of atonic vowels......Page 149
4.2.5 Reinforcement of word-initial /ue/......Page 150
5 Variation in Spanish America......Page 152
5.1 Geographical variation......Page 154
5.1.1 American Spanish and Andalusian Spanish......Page 155
5.1.1.1 Seseo......Page 158
5.1.1.2 Second-person plural address......Page 159
5.1.2 Settlement and communication patterns and their linguistic effects......Page 160
5.1.2.1 Yeísmo......Page 163
5.1.2.2 Weakening of syllable-final /-s/......Page 164
5.1.2.3 Neutralization of syllable-final /-r/ and /-l/......Page 166
5.1.2.5 Voseo and tuteo......Page 167
5.1.3 Other effects of migration from the Peninsula......Page 171
5.1.3.1 /tr/ and /r/......Page 173
5.1.3.2 Past tense values......Page 174
5.2 Social variation......Page 177
5.2.1. Social variation of /h/ (< F-)......Page 178
5.3 New dialects: fronterizo......Page 179
5.4Creoles and creolization......Page 182
5.4.1 Papiamentu......Page 183
5.4.2 Palenquero......Page 187
6 Variation in Judeo-Spanish......Page 190
6.1 The language of the medieval Jewish communities......Page 191
6.2 The expulsion and its linguistic effects......Page 192
6.3.1 Innovations......Page 195
6.3.2 Retentions......Page 197
6.3.3 Simplifications......Page 201
6.3.4 Non-Castilian features......Page 203
6.3.5 Features retained in Judeo-Spanish but rejected by the Peninsular standard......Page 206
6.3.6 Variation within Judeo-Spanish......Page 208
6.4 Death of Judeo-Spanish......Page 209
7 Standardization......Page 210
7.1.1 Selection......Page 212
7.1.2 Codification......Page 216
7.1.3 Elaboration of function......Page 219
7.1.4 Acceptance......Page 220
7.2.1 The medieval period......Page 222
7.2.2 The Renaissance and the Golden Age......Page 225
7.2.3 The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries......Page 229
7.2.4 The twentieth century......Page 231
7.3 The relationship between standard and non-standard varieties......Page 233
1 Introduction: language variation......Page 237
2 Dialect, language, variety: definitions and relationships......Page 238
3 Mechanisms of change......Page 242
4 Variation in Spain......Page 247
5 Variation in Spanish America......Page 251
6 Variation in Judeo-Spanish......Page 253
7 Standardisation......Page 254
Abbreviations......Page 256
Subject index......Page 276
Castilian (medieval)......Page 286
Castilian (modern)......Page 288
Galician–Portuguese......Page 294
Judeo-Spanish......Page 295
Latin......Page 297
Leonese (incl. Asturian)......Page 298
Papiamentu......Page 299
Romanian......Page 300